1. Engine Control Unit (ECU): The car’s “brain,” receiving sensor data and controlling engine parameters like fuel injection and ignition timing.
2. Transmission Control Unit (TCU): Manages automatic transmission operation, regulating gear changes based on engine speed, throttle position, and other factors.
3. Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) Module: Prevents wheel lockup during hard braking, ensuring steering control and shorter stopping distances.
4. Traction Control System (TCS) Module: Works with ABS to prevent wheelspin during acceleration, especially on slippery surfaces.
5. Body Control Module (BCM): Controls comfort and convenience features like power windows, door locks, lighting systems, and some safety features.
6. Airbag Control Module (ACM): Monitors crash sensors and deploys airbags in the event of a collision.
7. Instrument Cluster Module: Processes and displays vital vehicle information like speed, fuel level, and engine temperature.
8. Powertrain Control Module (PCM): Combines the ECU and TCU functions in some vehicles.
9. Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Module: Helps stabilize the vehicle during sharp turns or loss of traction.
10. Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD) Module*: Optimizes braking force distribution between front and rear wheels.
11. Brake Assist Module: Enhances braking power in emergency stops.
12. Suspension Control Module: Adjusts suspension settings for optimal ride comfort and handling.
13. Steering Angle Sensor (SAS) Module: Monitors steering wheel position and angle.
14. Lane Departure Warning (LDW) Module: Alerts the driver if the vehicle drifts out of its lane.
15. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) Module: Regulates speed and distance from other vehicles.
These modules and controllers work together to ensure a safe, comfortable, and efficient driving experience.
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